Architecture of a Computer System

The computer system architecture is broadly divided into the following core components:

1. Input Unit

Accepts data and instructions from external sources (e.g., keyboard, mouse, scanner).
Converts input into a form understandable by the computer.

2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Also called the “brain” of the computer, it controls all operations. It includes:

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):
- Performs all arithmetic and logical operations.
Control Unit (CU):
- Directs the flow of data and instructions within the system.
- Coordinates between the CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
Registers:
- Small, fast memory units inside the CPU used for temporary storage.

3. Memory Unit

Stores data and instructions. It includes:

Primary Memory:
- RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary and volatile memory.
- ROM (Read Only Memory): Permanent and non-volatile memory.
Secondary Memory:
- Hard drives, SSDs, USBs – used for long-term storage.

4. Output Unit

Converts processed data from the CPU into human-readable form (e.g., monitor, printer).

5. System Bus

Connects all components and allows communication.
- Data Bus: Carries actual data.
- Address Bus: Carries memory addresses.
- Control Bus: Carries control signals.

Diagram Overview (Text Form)

[Input Unit] --> [CPU] <--> [Memory Unit]
                   |
              [Control Unit]
                   |
        [ALU] --- [Registers]
                   |
             [Output Unit]

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